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John Bell Hood in the Civil War

John Bell Hood in the Civil War Early Life Career: John Bell Hood was conceived either June 1 or 29, 1831, to Dr. John W. Hood and Theodosia French Hood at Owingsville, KY. In spite of the fact that his dad didn't wish a military vocation for his child, Hood was roused by his granddad, Lucas Hood, who, in 1794, had battled with Major General Anthony Wayne at the Battle of Fallen Timbers during the Northwest Indian War (1785-1795). Getting an arrangement to West Point from his uncle, Representative Richard French, he entered school in 1849. A normal understudy, he was almost ousted by Superintendent Colonel Robert E. Lee for an unapproved visit to a neighborhood bar. In a similar class as Philip H. Sheridan, James B. McPherson, and John Schofield, Hood likewise got guidance from future enemy George H. Thomas.â Nicknamed Sam and positioned 44th of 52, Hood graduated in 1853, and was alloted to the fourth US Infantry in California. Following serene obligation on the West Coast, he was brought together with Lee in 1855, as a major aspect of Colonel Albert Sidney Johnstons second US Cavalry in Texas. Embracing the struck in the hand by a Comanche bolt close to Devils River, TX during a standard watch from Fort Mason. The next year, Hood got an advancement to first lieutenant. After three years, he was doled out to West Point as Chief Instructor of Cavalry. Worried about the developing pressures between the states, Hood mentioned to stay with the second Cavalry. This was allowed by the US Army Adjutant General, Colonel Samuel Cooper, and he remained in Texas. Early Campaigns of the Civil War: With the Confederate assault on Fort Sumter, Hood promptly left the US Army. Enrolling in the Confederate Army at Montgomery, AL, he immediately traveled through the positions. Requested to Virginia to present with Brigadier General John B. Magruders mounted force, Hood earned early distinction for a conflict close to Newport News on July 12, 1861. As his local Kentucky stayed in the Union, Hood chose to speak to his embraced territory of Texas and on September 30, 1861, was designated as colonel of the fourth Texas Infantry. After a concise period in this post, he was provided order of the Texas Brigade on February 20, 1862, and elevated to brigadier general the next month. Doled out to General Joseph E. Johnstons Army of Northern Virginia, Hoods men were for possible later use at Seven Pines in late May as Confederate powers attempted to end Major General George McClellans advance up the Peninsula. In the battling, Johnston was injured and supplanted by Lee. Adopting a progressively forceful strategy, Lee before long initiated a hostile against the Union soldiers outside Richmond. During the subsequent Seven Days Battles in late June, Hood built up himself as a challenging, forceful authority who drove from the front. Serving under Major General Thomas Stonewall Jackson, the feature of Hoods execution during the battling was an unequivocal charge by his men at the Battle of Gaines Mill on June 27. With the destruction of McClellan on the Peninsula, Hood was advanced and provided order of a division under Major General James Longstreet. Taking splitting the Northern Virginia Campaign, he further built up his notoriety for being a talented pioneer of attack troops at the Second Battle of Manassas in late August. Over the span of the fight, Hood and his men assumed a key job in Longstreets unequivocal assault on Major General John Popes left flank and the annihilation of Union powers. The Antietam Campaign: In the wake of the fight, Hood got engaged with a disagreement about caught ambulances with Brigadier General Nathan G. Shanks Evans. Hesitantly positioned collared by Longstreet, Hood was requested to leave the military. This was countered by Lee who permitted Hood to go with the soldiers as they started the intrusion of Maryland. Only before the Battle of South Mountain, Lee returned Hood to his post after the Texas Brigade walked by reciting Give us Hood! At no time hooded ever apologize for his lead in the debate with Evans. In the fight on September 14, Hood held the line at Turners Gap and secured the armys retreat to Sharpsburg. After three days at the Battle of Antietam, Hoods division hustled to the help of Jacksons troops on the Confederate left flank. Placing in a splendid exhibition, his men forestalled the breakdown of the Confederate left and prevailing with regards to driving back Major General Joseph Hookers I Corps. Assaulting with savagery, the division endured over 60% setbacks in the battling. For Hoods endeavors, Jackson prescribed that he be raised to significant general. Lee agreed and Hood was advanced on October 10. That December, Hood and his division were available at the Battle of Fredericksburg however observed small battling on their front. With the appearance of spring, Hood missed the Battle of Chancellorsville as Longstreets First Corps had been disengaged for obligation around Suffolk, VA. Gettysburg: Following the triumph at Chancellorsville, Longstreet rejoined Lee as Confederate powers again moved north. With the Battle of Gettysburg seething on July 1, 1863, Hoods division arrived at the war zone late in the day. The following day, Longstreet was requested to assault up the Emmitsburg Road and strike the Union left flank. Hood contradicted the arrangement as it implied his soldiers would need to ambush a rock flung zone known as the Devils Den. Mentioning consent to move to one side to assault the Union back, he was can't. As the development began around 4:00 PM, Hood was gravely injured in his left arm by shrapnel. Taken from the field, Hoods arm was spared, however it stayed incapacitated for an amazing rest. Order of the division went to Brigadier General Evander M. Law whose endeavors to unstick Union powers on Little Round Top fizzled. Chickamauga: Subsequent to recovering in Richmond, Hood had the option to rejoin his men on September 18 as Longstreets corps was moved west to help General Braxton Braggs Army of Tennessee. Detailing for obligation just before the Battle of Chickamauga, Hood coordinated a progression of assaults on the principal day before directing a key ambush which abused a hole in the Union line on September 20.â This development drove a significant part of the Union armed force from the field and furnished the Confederacy with one of its couple of mark triumphs in the Western Theater. In the battling, Hood was gravely injured in the correct thigh which required the leg to be in this manner severed a couple of crawls beneath the hip. For his fortitude, he was elevated to lieutenant general successful that date. The Atlanta Campaign: Coming back to Richmond to recoup, Hood become friends with Confederate President Jefferson Davis. In the spring of 1864, Hood was provided order of a corps in Johnstons Army of Tennessee. Entrusted with protecting Atlanta from Major General William T. Sherman, Johnston led a cautious crusade which included successive retreats. Maddened by his bosses approach, the forceful Hood composed a few basic letters to Davis communicating his dismay. The Confederate president, discontent with Johnstons absence of activity, supplanted him with Hood on July 17. Given the transitory position of general, Hood was just thirty-three and turned into the most youthful armed force leader of the war. Vanquished on July 20 at the Battle of Peachtree Creek, Hood propelled a progression of hostile fights trying to push back Sherman. Fruitless in each endeavor, Hoods technique just served to debilitate his effectively out-numbered armed force. With no different alternatives, Hood was constrained to forsake Atlanta on September 2. The Tennessee Campaign: As Sherman arranged for his March to the Sea, Hood and Davis arranged a crusade to overcome the Union general. In this, Hood looked to move north against Shermans flexibly lines in Tennessee driving him to follow. Hood at that point would have liked to vanquish Sherman before walking north to select men and join Lee in the attack lines at Petersburg, VA. Mindful of Hoods tasks toward the west, Sherman dispatched Thomas Army of the Cumberland and Schofields Army of the Ohio to secure Nashville while he moved towards Savannah. Intersection into Tennessee on November 22, Hoods battle was plagued with order and correspondence issues. Subsequent to neglecting to trap some portion of Schofields order at Spring Hill, he took on the Conflict of Franklin on November 30. Ambushing a braced Union situation without big guns support, his military was severely destroyed and six commanders murdered. Reluctant to concede rout, he went ahead to Nashville and was directed by Thomas on December 15-16. Withdrawing with the remainders of his military, he surrendered on January 23, 1865. Later Life: In the last days of the war, Hood was dispatched to Texas by Davis with the objective of raising another military. Learning of Davis catch and the acquiescence of Texas, Hood gave up to Union powers at Natchez, MS on May 31. After the war, Hood settled in New Orleans where he worked in protection and as a cotton agent. Wedding, he fathered eleven youngsters before his passing from yellow fever on August 30, 1879. A talented detachment and division authority, Hoods execution dropped as he was elevated to higher orders. Despite the fact that prestigious for his initial triumphs and brutal assaults, his disappointments around Atlanta and in Tennessee for all time harmed his notoriety for being an administrator. Chosen Sources Common War Home: John Bell HoodNorth Georgia: John Bell Hood

Coping WIth Koro or the Fear of Genital Retraction

Coping WIth Koro or the Fear of Genital Retraction Phobias Types Print Coping WIth Koro or the Fear of Genital Retraction By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 10, 2018 Experienced Skins/Getty Images   More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Koro is the fear of the genitals shrinking and retracting into the body. Koro is sometimes referred to as genital retraction syndrome. Cases of this fear have been reported around the world in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the U.S. Females occasionally suffer from a variation of koro in which they believe that their nipples are retracting. Interestingly, koro often appears as an epidemic in which multiple cases are reported simultaneously within a specific geographic area. Symptoms First identified in ancient China, koro almost always follows an identical pattern. The sufferer first experiences a tingling sensation in the genitals, followed by a rapid-onset panic attack. This quickly leads to a sudden and pervasive fear that the genitals are disappearing. In Asia, this fear is almost always accompanied by an imminent fear of death, although this element is often missing from reports in other parts of the world. The sufferer normally asks friends or relatives to physically manipulate his genitals to stop them from retracting, which sometimes leads to injury. The anxiety subsides quickly when a culturally acceptable treatment is used, from exorcism to potions. Causes Koro has been described as a panic disorder that centers around the genitals. It appears to be heavily influenced by cultural beliefs, which might explain why epidemics are common. For example, in some West African outbreaks, the sufferers believed that, rather than retracting into their bodies, their genitals were being stolen for occult reasons. During the Burning Times of medieval Europe, witches were held responsible for genital retractions in the local population. The symptoms subsided when the witches were appeased. Personal and cultural morals, religious doctrine and current mental health status often play a role in individual cases. A 2008 study in the Journal of German Psychology found that many sufferers reported a recent sexual encounter that made them uncomfortable, such as an extramarital affair. Some had a history of preoccupation with their genitals. Some reported high levels of fear, guilt or shame. Others were immature and lacked sexual confidence. Still, others had an existing mental health disorder or a history of substance abuse. Although the specifics vary for each case, it appears that the highest risk for koro exists in people who are already experiencing fear, anxiety, or guilt. Treatments Indigenous treatments for koro vary dramatically and are often influenced by current events. For example, an outbreak might be blamed on an invading force or an individual rival. Defeating the foe is sometimes the recommended treatment in these situations. In other cases, indigenous treatment might include an exorcism, rest, herbal treatments, or other healing practices. In the Western world, Koro is often treated as a specific phobia. Antidepressant medications are often prescribed. Some research shows that antipsychotics are sometimes helpful in reducing symptoms. If youre suffering from koro, talk therapy may help you learn new and healthier ways of relating to your body. Because its common for people with this fear to have other conditions, Western mental health professionals often perform a full workup to determine exactly which factors are in play. In many cases, treating the underlying condition also causes the koro symptoms to subside. Its also important to rule out physical causes for the koro symptoms. Pain, tingling and other physical symptoms are common in koro but could also indicate an underlying physiological condition. Its a good idea to visit the urologist if youre experiencing these symptoms.

Being A Positive Influence On The Lives Of Children With...

At the start of high school, I was given the opportunity to tutor my cousin, Christopher, who has suffered with Down syndrome his whole life. He has a difficult time pronouncing words and I would provide assistance to him whenever he was having trouble. Christopher does not have a lot of confidence in himself; however, he is very intelligent and loves to learn. By helping him, I realized I can be a positive influence in the lives of children with learning disabilities. Although instructing children with special needs is very challenging it is also rewarding to see them succeed. I am drawn to this field because I can instill confidence in my students, just as I have done with Christopher. As a first semester graduate student, the work assigned in the classroom has changed my viewpoint of special education. As a teacher, I seek to provide an equal opportunity for each student, so that they may learn at their own pace. The material in the textbook has developed my understanding of equal ity, by showing how laws work to protect individuals with disabilities. According to Evolving Interpretations of Educational Equity and Students with Disabilities â€Å"Another core element of equality of opportunity is the full integration or inclusion of persons with disabilities into all those activities and policies designed for persons without disabilities† (268). This article has shown me that equality goes beyond promoting a fair and just environment, but it is caring about the student’s needsShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Mainstreaming Students With Disabilities Essay1658 Words   |  7 Pagesyears and have been set back in each IEP (Individualized Educational Plan) on what would benefit the child. Not enough students with disabilities are being mainstreamed so they can experience the full capacity of their learning stages. 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The author states by putting so much emphasis on student test scores, teachers were incentivized to cheat in order to prevent students from being labeled as failures and to keep schools from being closed...governments testing initiative is also misguided and arguably immoral (Prentice). Teachers become so frustrated with standardized tests that it causes them to betray their morals and help their students. The priority

History Nature of the Game - 3180 Words

HISTORY NATURE OF THE GAME Basketball was invented in 1891 by James Naismith; a Canadian teacher. It was ï ¬ rst played with a soccer-style ball and peach baskets as the goals. Basketball is a team sport in which two teams of ï ¬ ve players on the court (usually 2 guards, 2 forwards and 1 centre) each try to score points against one another by forcing a ball through a 10 feet (3m) high hoop. The ball can be advanced on the court by dribbling or passing it between teammates. Disruptive physical contact (fouls) is not permitted and there are restrictions on how the ball can be handled (violations). Basketball Game Rule Basketball Games are a test to players agility and endurance, and require remarkable hand-eye coordination on the†¦show more content†¦When you are looking for that option, take the ball in a firm grip and put your body between you and the defender. 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General Scholarship Essay Samples Options

General Scholarship Essay Samples Options You might take a look at our Essay Outline Template to steer you in the invention of such document. You can return and edit later. The winner is contacted directly and an official announcement is created at their FB page. Rearrange the most relevant suggestions to develop a highly effective outline. The Debate Over General Scholarship Essay Samples It's natural for students not to bear in mind all details and rules of formatting. Both examples manage the identical theme (sick parent) but utilize various approaches. Even the most well-known examples need context. Your academic achievement is useless unless you're able to convince your essay readers it has given you transferable skills related to the job at hand. The career theme is really self-explanatory. Composing a suitable career goals essay can be hard should you not actually have any ambitions. Writing an essay that explains what goals you would like to pursue in your upcomi ng career is a skill you are going to have to demonstrate a lot for a student. General Scholarship Essay Samples - Overview The very first step to any essay writing is to select a subject of interest. You don't need to possess the ideal writing skills as a way to be creative and compose an effective essay. If you are interested in getting the essay to be revised at all, you might set the request for it. The very first thing you may want to do before writing any essay for this matter is to follow along with the directions. It's simple to point out an essay which has been written solely for the interest of it. A superb essay should leave an enduring impression. Even though this kind of essay should only be 250 words long, you should organize your ideas ahead of time. You won't have the ability to compose an outstanding essay in case you don't devote your soul to it. As the last paragraph is represents your final opportunity to create your case and, being such, should adhere to an extremely rigid format. Inside this section you will locate samples of essays belonging to several essay types and manners of formatting. Every applicant ought to go through a thorough and comprehensive process which includes completing special application forms and writing a scholarship essay that has to be of a particular quality that will help you win. The total format of your essay, for example, font size and margins, will solely rely on the instructions offered to you. Keep in mind your introduction, the very firs t paragraph of an essay, ought to be short and catchy. The introduction may have a brief lead-in, but nevertheless, it should arrive at the thesis quickly. For writing your scholarship essay, the very first point is to produce a great outline. Essays, generally, covers different topics. Application essays normally have a crystal clear statement, a specific subject that should be covered. Scholarship essays are a significant matter. Scholarship essays, as its name implies are essays required to secure a scholarship. What You Should Do to Find Out About General Scholarship Essay Samples Before You're Left Behind You see, the conventions of English essays are somewhat more formulaic than you may think and, in a variety of ways, it can be as easy as counting to five. These varieties of essays are guaranteed to doze off your readers. When these essays might seem like a little step toward your future, they're a step nonetheless. A personal essay is a superb choice since it is usually accepted as a subject topic and very often it's the subject required. If you would like to comprehend how to compose an essay for a scholarship, it would be sensible to begin from ordering an inexpensive custom writing help online. A complete scholarship paper should end the exact same way it starts. It's totally understandable that you might want to consult online sources for assistance. On our site, you've got access to some scholarship essay examples which our writers have written for the preceding customers. Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for General Scholarship Essay Samples Such a paper is going to be evaluated by means of a committee, which must choose one of several applicants, breaking dreams of hundreds of others. In the event the topic isn't given, such examples enable students to comprehend what the modern-day academic world is interested in and how to stick out from the rest. Write about the skills you intend to obtain during the analysis process, how they are sometimes employed to help the neighborhood community, strategies to reci procate the experience obtained from the society. Not everybody can afford excellent education, which explains why some folks decide to join the institution's scholarship program. Scholarship sponsors start looking for applicants with vision and motivation, so they may ask about your targets and aspirations. Think about the goals that you accomplished and what you would like to accomplish later on while being quite literal. Your future is extremely important. Your future is dependent on it. Students need to check with the financial aid office to find out whether any payments continue to be due following their scholarship award. Most scholarships get a lot of very well qualified applicants. Some scholarships will just request a statement of financial need. Being part of a fantastic educational institution can be rather costly. If you are like most other students, it was not a simple ride. In this way, a student will find a remarkable instance of a personal statement in addition to the admissions officers' appreciation and desired scholarship. Many students are not certain of their major.

The Discourses Of Science And Art In Cats Eye By Margaret Atwood Essay Example For Students

The Discourses Of Science And Art In Cats Eye By Margaret Atwood Essay Discourses in a novel often allow people in the know, to understand particular meaning within certain topics or issues. For instance, a discourse of Calculus in a novel would be relevant to those who study and know the subject. They would pick up on the meaning conveyed within this discourse, whereas people not familiar can only make uneducated guesses. In Cats Eye by Margaret Atwood, there are many discourses on offer. Atwood focuses on fictional, autobiographical, scientific and artistic discourses. Which are subtly included in all aspects of the text, mainly in literary devices and the structure of the novel itself. We will write a custom essay on The Discourses Of Science And Art In Cats Eye By Margaret Atwood specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The discourses of fiction and autobiography are juxtaposed in Cats Eye with the intention of allowing insiders to know, and outsiders to assume meaning contained by the subtle presence of discourses. Cats Eye is set in Toronto where Atwood grew up, and the attitudes towards the picturesque capital of Canada are somewhat bitter and full of nostalgic reflection. The main character, Elaine, states on page 14 of the book; Underneath the flourish and ostentation is the old city, street after street of thick red brick houses their watchful, calculating windows. Malicious, grudging, vindictive, implacable. In my dreams of this city I am always lost. Just the building of a character cannot account for the heavy and distinct feeling of resentment directed at the city and everything in it. Atwoods father, was a forest entomologist, just as Elaines father was, Atwood spent her childhood in Ottawa during the winters and the rest of the year in northern Quebec and Ontario. In 1946, her father took up a position as professor at the University of Toronto, and the family moved to there. The parallels between the lives of the author and the main female character, Elaine, are undeniable. The reader cannot know for certain that Atwood herself experienced bullying, but it is obvious not just in Cats Eye but in some of her other works that she represents gender in an original way, subverting often used stereotypes. When the book was written, Atwood was 49, teetering towards middle age, coming to terms with her years past, and her years to come. In the novel, the present Elaine was also middle aged, and struggling with her identity, as she slowly becomes invisible. Elaine suffered constantly with the pain of imperfection, near the beginning before the retrospective in Toronto, Elaine goes into the gallery; I know immediately that I should not have worn this powder-blue jogging outfit. Powder-blue is lightweight. I should have worn nun black, Dracula black, like all proper female painters. Elaine feels outdated, and out of touch, it is possible that Atwood herself was finding herself in these situations, and readers going through this stage of their life or for that matter, anyone who is in a process of change, would identify with the content on ageing. This is but few of the many examples of links between fiction and autobiographical features in Cats Eye, this is a powerful combination that takes full advantage of the juxtapositions it makes available within these discourses. The subject of femininity and the identity of the main character can be explored through discourses. Fictional and autobiographical features juxtapose and merge so as to more accurately represent femininity in Cats Eye showing it in a more precise way. Because words are only representation, the means by which they are presented can alter how readers perceive particular aspects of the story. Novels need things such as discourses, among other things, to bring more meaning and background to an otherwise two dimensional story. .u38d43404b4474bb16166cdbee1224320 , .u38d43404b4474bb16166cdbee1224320 .postImageUrl , .u38d43404b4474bb16166cdbee1224320 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u38d43404b4474bb16166cdbee1224320 , .u38d43404b4474bb16166cdbee1224320:hover , .u38d43404b4474bb16166cdbee1224320:visited , .u38d43404b4474bb16166cdbee1224320:active { border:0!important; } .u38d43404b4474bb16166cdbee1224320 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u38d43404b4474bb16166cdbee1224320 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u38d43404b4474bb16166cdbee1224320:active , .u38d43404b4474bb16166cdbee1224320:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u38d43404b4474bb16166cdbee1224320 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u38d43404b4474bb16166cdbee1224320 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u38d43404b4474bb16166cdbee1224320 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u38d43404b4474bb16166cdbee1224320 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u38d43404b4474bb16166cdbee1224320:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u38d43404b4474bb16166cdbee1224320 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u38d43404b4474bb16166cdbee1224320 .u38d43404b4474bb16166cdbee1224320-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u38d43404b4474bb16166cdbee1224320:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Computer science ethics EssayWomen, need to be attractive, smart, but not too smart. Women need to walk straight, and answer just the right amount of questions, either be humble or domineering, in being female, there is no middle ground. The female identity has long been constructed as the more delicate and demure of the sexes, Elaine, who grew up away from the definition between masculinity and femininity was amazed by the grace of real girls. I draw them in old fashioned clothing, with long skirts, pinafores and puffed sleeves this is the elegant, delicate picture I have in my mind, about other little girls. I dont think about what I might say to them if actually met som e. I havent got that far. Elaines transition from country to city life is looked at through interaction between Elaine and Cordelia, Elaines never ending strive for perfection, and Cordelias need to be loved by her father. Autobiographical features in Cats Eye further back up the plot, and make it seem more plausible because it incorporates an added factor of reality, it also effects how Elaine is viewed because readers assume some truth in the plot. Discursive constructions are placed upon the female subject in the text. This conveys a large amount of information, to the knowledgeable, which in this case is all women and men who know what it is like to live a life amongst all of societys expectations and divisions. The discourses of science and painting are combined in Cats Eye in an effort to epitomize the female subject in the text. Elaine was brought up surrounded by science, her father was a biologist and the bigger picture of science fascinated her brother. Science and the arts, namely painting appear to be on opposite ends of the spectrum, but in the text the line between them is proved to be reasonably undefined. At the start of the novel Atwood clearly states Elaines point of view, highlighting her stance on people who call themselves artists. The word artist embarrasses me; I prefer painter, because its more like a valid job. An artist is a tawdry, lazy sort of thing to be. Science seems to business like and structured in comparison to art, however in the text they co-habit well. The discourse of science was mainly addressed in Elaines family life, at one point, she realised that science wasnt feminine enough for her friends, Cordelia, Grace and Carol. During Elaines final biology exam, she realised she didnt want to be a biologist as she had intended to be. Her outlet became painting just as her brothers had become science. Each of these choices are a way of coping with the human experience and assessing ones own feelings in a creative way before even the conscious mind can address the issue. The discourse becomes a means of conveying a large amount of information to the reader by appealing to their prior knowledge in a particular topic. Elaine is introduced to a new world, through Cordelia, a world where the oppression of women is the cultural norm, inside suburban boundaries. This is demonstrated in how she gains an understanding of her experiences through art, particularly the roles of women in society, she moves from science as an outlet to art and painting to deal with her repressed memories. The discourses of art and science represent the female subject in Cats Eye. A discourse in a novel allows insight and speculation on behalf of the reader. Explanations do not usually occur and the audience is encouraged to make judgments based on their knowledge. These discourses can easily affect the main themes in a novel by portraying positive, negative or neutral assumptions. In Cats Eye readers are able to bring so much of their own experience to the novel due to the inclusive and mostly well known discourses that feature in the text.

The Effect of Dashboards and Scorecards on the Performance of Employees in Hospitals Essays

The Effect of Dashboards and Scorecards on the Performance of Employees in Hospitals Essays The Effect of Dashboards and Scorecards on the Performance of Employees in Hospitals Paper The Effect of Dashboards and Scorecards on the Performance of Employees in Hospitals Paper Like actual dashboards found on automobiles and other transport machines, dashboards for hospital systems are actually designed to measure the performance of employees through noting the procedures that they use to complete certain tasks. It is through this certain system that the application of professional ethics as well as professional performance based from the actions of the employees during certain specific situations. (Pugh, 2005, 11) A hospital dashboard measurement is characterized by its measurement of performance based on seniority leadership that the employees show at work as well as the ability of certain employees to align effort among others and thus increase achievement levels on the part of the entire staff of the healthcare institution that they are working at. The said dashboard for performance management is subdivided into three dimensions which include (A) Organizational performance measure; (B) Strategic measures; and (C) Process and Operating Measures. (Pugh, 2005, 12) These dimensions are positively applied in the operational systems of the healthcare institution so as to imply progress and improvement on the part of the task divisions given to the staff members of the hospital. Through these dimensions, the activities and the performance level of the employees become much aligned as the members of the team become aware of the roles that they play during certain situations of dealing with their patients. (Institute of Medicine, 2001, 3) With the case of St. Joseph Hospital, it could be noted that they used seniority of performance as measure of their employees’ capability of being involved in certain emergency situations. This process has actually helped the administration in the said hospital to handle the need for training new staffs as well as increase competency of the entire hospital in handling the medical needs of their patients since the seniors are the ones leading hospital operations. Obviously, this process had been considered truthfully successful for the said health institution. (Pugh, 2005, 13) Reference: Michael D. Pugh. Dashboards and Scorecards: Tools for Creating Alignment. The Healthcare Quality Book (Ransom, Joshi, Nash, 2005). Institute of Medicine. 2001. Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press. Kaplan, R.S. and D.P. Norton. 1992. The Balanced Scorecard-Measures that Drive Performance. Harvard business Review. (1996). Boston: HBS Press.

Essential Tips to Mind Dealing with University Homework

Essential Tips to Mind Dealing with University Homework Essential Tips to Mind Dealing with University Homework You may be comfortable and confident with the way that you were taught to complete written assignments and assessments during your secondary school years, but undoubtedly you will find that when you move on to college, university, or other tertiary studies that the expectations are at a whole different level. When you are completing your homework or assessments for your university studies, there are a lot of things to think about. Achieving good grades during your university studies requires you to follow some specific ways of structuring your work, demonstrating the process that you have followed to build your arguments and support your conclusions. In this article, we will take a look at some of the key aspects of written assessment or homework that you need to bear in mind when you are tackling your university homework. Profound Research One of the most important elements of your written research is demonstrating that you have identified and understood the research that is available on the topic that you are addressing. Often, this will be presented as a literature review, you need to be able to clearly articulate what the current research and thinking are on the chosen topic. If you are conducting additional, original research, then you need to clearly document this and include your findings in your writing to demonstrate how it supports the argument that you are making and the conclusions that you have reached. Supported Claims This level of university assessment requires you to be able to illustrate your writing with the facts needed to back up any claims that you are making. You have to be able to verify what you are saying this type of assessment is not an opinion piece. If you are making any sort of claim or assertion, then you need to be able to demonstrate what you are basing those claims on. Creative Skills Your university studies are a great opportunity to develop and demonstrate your critical thinking and creative approach to problem-solving. It is important that you are not simply repeating what everyone else has already said on a specific subject. You need to try and find a fresh point of view or a fresh perspective on the subject that you are writing about. Professional Language The language that you use when writing your assessment or homework is almost as important as what you are actually saying. You need to present your information and arguments clearly, professional, using a neutral tone, not an emotive tone. Think of it as speaking to someone that you have not met before, not one of your close friends. You need to impress them with your ability to clearly convey and explain your point of view. Whatever subject you are studying or whatever level of studies you have reached, ensuring that you bear in mind the basic principles required to achieve great grades in your assessments will get you a long way. Do not let yourself be overwhelmed by the amount of work that you need to complete, prioritize the most important things you need to get done, stay focused, and keep working towards your academic aspirations. If you need help with your university homework assignment, dont hesitate to contact our online homework writing service with academic experts you can fully rely on.

Linear Function Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Linear Function - Essay Example More time you spend on phone, less time the battery last. Again amount of water needed is directly proportional to weather. More water is needed, to drink, in hot weather, as compare to cold weather. Again probability of success is directly proportional to hard work done. There are many activities, in our life, which can be proving as examples of linear functions in our life. 1. Suppose you have a lemonade stand, and when you charge $1 per cup of lemonade you sell 50 cups. But when you raise your price to $2 you only sell 25 cups. Write an equation for the number of cups you sell as a function of the price you charge. Denote "C" for number of cups, and "P" for the price you charge. Assume the function is linear. 3. Which of the following are functions Explain your reasoning for a, b, and c. Keep the definition of a function strongly in mind as you do this problem, it is not nearly as difficult as it may look. Think about whether the relationship between f(x) and x is consistent with being a function or not and explain your reasoning. Time taken by a person is function of speed of driving. How much you increase your driving speed, you take less time to cover the required distance. Now distance between your home and work place is constant provided you use same path for driving daily. So speed of driving is the one of major factor to decide time required to reach to the work.

International Advertising Strategy-B&Q Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Advertising Strategy-B&Q - Essay Example On the other hand, in order for the organization to attract customers from international markets, it must ensure that it markets its products effectively. Effective marketing implies that the organization has to recognize the fact that it is serving different kinds of customers. Marketing in a diverse economy calls for attention on the different cultures that make up the market (Mooij, 2004, 23). Therefore, an organization should consider the different cultures in the market before advertising its products. The business can fulfill this by using the different marketing concepts at hand. For instance, the business may ensure that it understands the ethnic diversity of the people. In addition, the organization could also ensure that it advertises its products in different languages that can be understood by the different customers that it intends to reach. Other concepts that can be used include studying the culture of each targeted community, and customizing the advertisements in orde r to be applicable to each group of persons (Tian & Borges, 2011, 111). This serves to ensure that the advertisements will not be offending to some communities. This is because; while some of the strategies used in some communities may be applicable to the community, they may be unethical in some other communities. The business should also consider the religion, social norms and values of the people. In addition, the organization should also consider the living style of the people and their education standards. Therefore, when choosing the different kinds of marketing mix, the organization should consider these marketing concepts. B&Q is an international company that mainly deals with manufacturing and repairing of farm tools. The company also manufactures gardening components, plants, and furniture equipment. Other tools that are offered by the company include home improvement tools and supplies. For B&Q to launch its products in Sweden and South Korea, it has to market its product s in order to increase the consumers’ awareness. Effective marketing of the products will require the organization to study the different cultures of the two countries such that, the advertisement will be applicable in both regions. The market situations in the two countries are also very differently such that, marketing of products will require the company to customize its advertisements and marketing campaigns. For instance, while in one country technology may be more advanced and easily used in advertisements, in the other country technology may be very poor and backward such that, it may not even be possible to apply it in marketing campaigns. Therefore, the specific methods chosen for each country should depend on the economic status (Hunt,  2012, 1). For instance, in Sweden, B& Q experiences very stiff competition from some of its key competitors. On the other hand, in South Korea, the competition is very low and weak. Therefore, B&Q should use more intense methods of promotion in Sweden as compared to the methods used in South Korea. While in Sweden, the campaign will mainly target on proving to customers that its products and services are better than those of its competitors, in South Korea the advertisement campaign will have mainly focus on increasing awareness of its products to its competitors. Therefore, this marketing campaign will require expertise and knowledge of attracting customers to purchase the products of the organization. In addition, the campaign wi

Running :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this study, I investigate the affects that running has on reducing the risk of some health problems. I am doing this because I run about 40 to 60 miles per week, and my family has a history of health problems. For instance, my grandfather suffered a heart attack, and he also had cancer when he was about the age of 50. Furthermore, my grandfather, on my dad’s side of the family, has also had triple bi-pass heart surgery from a heart attack he has had recently.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Here, I present information from some sources that talk about the affects that running has on reducing health risks. My sources agree that running, and some other aerobic exercises, reduce the risk of: Diabetes, diverticular disease, heart decease, several types of cancer, and even common sicknesses like a cold.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One source agrees that running reduces the risk of diabetes. Jim Harmon writes, in Sports Illustrated, about Bruce Leonard, a marathoner with a masters degree in public health. Bruce Leonard went to study the Zuni Indian tribe. This tribe has had a bad history of diabetes until they started to run. Leonard said, After the Zuni tribe started running, â€Å"many Zuni were able to reduce or eliminate their diabetes medication.†(5)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My research also reveled that diverticular disease can be reduced in men that run. For instance, Marty Munson and Teresa Yeykal writes in the article â€Å"Outrun trouble† which says, â€Å"guys who racked up the most ours doing vigorous exercise reduced their risks of diverticular decease by a third.†(38) They also say â€Å"it’s good advice to make your lifestyle to consume high fiber.†(38) I found that running can also reduce the risk of heart disease. The article â€Å"Run for your life† talks about Mitchell H. Whaley, the director of adult physical fitness program at Ball State University. He analyzed data collected from a group of men, which included runners. Mitchell Whaley found that â€Å"individuals with low aerobic capacity have a higher risk of developing premature coronary artery decease that those who were more fit.†(47) The article also talks about Martha L. Slattery, Ph.D., from the University of Utah Medical School. Maria Slattery also found that running is a good preventive measure for heart disease. She says, â€Å"The greatest increase in protection was between those men who were sedentary and those who had some activity.†(48)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another source I found says that running can help prevent many types of cancer. In the article â€Å"Running for your life†, Doctor Leonard Cohen talks about how running helps reduce colon,

Steel Design

STEEL BEAM DESIGN Laterally Unrestrained Beam Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 1 Non-dimensional slenderness Beam behaviour analogous to yielding/buckling of columns. M Wyfy Material yielding (in-plane bending) MEd MEd Elastic member buckling Mcr Lcr 1. 0 Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Non-dimensional slenderness Unrestrained Beam ? LT 2 Lateral torsional buckling Lateral torsional buckling Lateral torsional buckling is the member buckling mode associated with slender beams loaded about their major axis, without continuous lateral restraint.If continuous lateral restraint is provided to the beam, then lateral torsional buckling will be prevented and failure will occur in another mode, generally in-plane bending (and/or shear). Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 3 Eurocode 3 Eurocode 3 states, as with BS 5950, that both crosssectional and member bending resistance must be verified: MEd ? Mc ,Rd Cross-section check (In-plane bending) MEd ? Mb,Rd Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unr estrained Beam Member buckling check 4 Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 5 Laterally Unrestrained BeamThe design of beam in this Lecture 3 is considering beams in which either no lateral restraint or only intermittent lateral restraint is provided to the compression flange Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 6 Lateral Torsional Buckling Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 7 Lateral Torsional Buckling Figure 3-1 shows an unrestrained beam subjected to load increment. The compression flange unrestrained and beam is not stiff enough. There is a tendency for the beam to deform sideways and twist about the longitudinal axis. The failure mode which may occur to the beam is called lateral torsional buckling.Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 8 ?Involves both deflection and twisting rotation ?Out-of plane buckling. Bending Resistance M c, Rd ? M pl ? W pl f y ?M0 Due to the effect of LTB, the bending resistance of cross section become less. Failure may occurs earlier then expected Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 9 Examples of Laterally Unrestrained Beam Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 10 Restrained Beam Comparsion Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 11 Intermittent Lateral Restrained Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 12Torsional restraint Usually both flanges are held in their relative positions by external members during bending. May be provided by load bearing stiffeners or provision of adequate end connection details. See Figure 3-4. Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 13 Beam without torsional restraint Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 14 Can be discounted when: †¢ Minor axis bending †¢ CHS, SHS, circular or square bar †¢ Fully laterally restrained beams †¢ ? LT< 0. 2 (or 0. 4 in some cases) – Unrestrained length Cross-sectional shape End restrained condition The moment along the beam Loading – tension or compression Unrestrained Beam 16Dr. A Azi z Saim 2010 EC3 Lateral torsional buckling resistance Checks should be carried out on all unrestrained segments of beams (between the points where lateral restraint exists). Lateral restraint Lateral restraint Lcr = 1. 0 L Lateral restraint Beam on plan Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 17 Three methods to check LTB in EC3: †¢ The primary method adopts the lateral torsional buckling curves given by equations 6. 56 and 6. 57, and is set out in clause 6. 3. 2. 2 (general case) and clause 6. 3. 2. 3 (for rolled sections and equivalent welded sections). The second is a simplified assessment method for beams with restraints in buildings, and is set out in clause 6. 3. 2. 4. †¢ The third is a general method for lateral and lateral torsional buckling of structural components, given in clause 6. 3. 4. Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 18 Eurocode 3 states, as with BS 5950, that both cross-sectional and member bending resistance must be verified: MEd ? Mc ,Rd Cros s-section check (In-plane bending) MEd ? Mb,Rd Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam Member buckling check 19 Lateral-torsional buckling Eurocode 3 design approach for lateral torsional buckling is analogous to the olumn buckling treatment. The design buckling resistance Mb,Rd of a laterally unrestrained beam (or segment of beam) should be taken as: Mb,Rd ? ?LT Wy fy ? M1 Reduction factor for LTB Lateral torsional buckling resistance: Mb,Rd = ?LT Wy fy ? M1 Equation (6. 55) Wy will be Wpl,y or Wel,y ?LT Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 is the reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling Unrestrained Beam 21 Buckling curves – general case (Cl 6. 3. 2. 2) Lateral torsional buckling curves for the general case are given below : (as in Eq (6. 56)) ?LT ? 1 2 ? LT ? ?LT ? ?2 LT but ? LT ? 1. 0 ?LT ? 0. 5 [ 1 ? ?LT (? LT ? 0. ) ? ?2 ] LT Plateau length Imperfection factor from Table 6. 3 Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 22 Imperfection factor ? LT Imperfection factors ? LT for 4 buckling curves: (refer Table 6. 3) Buckling curve Imperfection factor ? LT a 0. 21 b 0. 34 c 0. 49 d 0. 76 Buckling curve selection For the general case, refer to Table 6. 4: Cross-section Rolled I-sections Welded Isections Limits h/b ? 2 h/b > 2 h/b ? 2 h/b > 2 – Buckling curve a b c d d Other crosssections Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 24 LTB curves 4 buckling curves for LTB (a, b, c and d) 1. 2 Reduction factor ? LT . 0 0. 8 0. 6 0. 4 0. 2 0. 0 0 0. 5 1 1. 5 Curve a Curve b Curve c Curve d 2 2. 5 0. 2 Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Non-dimensional slenderness Unrestrained Beam ?LT 25 Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 26 lateral torsional buckling slenderness ? LT Mcr ? Wy f y Mcr Elastic critical buckling moment Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 27 Non-dimensional slenderness †¢ Calculate lateral torsional buckling slenderness: ? LT ? Wy f y Mcr †¢ Buckling curves as for compression (except curve a0) †¢ Wy depends on section classification †¢ Mcr is the elastic critical LTB moment Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3Unrestrained Beam 28 BS EN 1993-1-1 does not give a method for determining the elastic critical moment for lateraltorsional buckling Mcr !!!!!!!! May use ‘LTBeam’ software (can be downloaded from CTICM website) Or may use method presented by L. Gardner †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 29 Mcr under uniform moment For typical end conditions, and under uniform moment the elastic critical lateral torsional buckling moment Mcr is: Mcr ,0 G IT Iw Iz Lcr ? EIz ? 2 Lcr 2 ? Iw Lcr GIT ? ? ? 2 ? ? EIz ? ? Iz 2 0. 5 is the shear modulus is the torsion constant is the warping constant is the inor axis second moment of area is the buckling length of the beam Unrestrained Beam 30 Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Mcr under non-uniform moment Numerical solutions have been calculated for a number of other loading conditions. For uniform doubly-symmetric cross-sections, loaded through the shear centre at the level of the centroidal axis, and with the standard conditions of restraint described, Mcr may be calculated by: ? EIz Mcr ? C1 2 Lcr 2 Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam ? Iw Lcr GIT ? ? ? 2 ? ? EIz ? ? Iz 2 0. 5 31 C1 factor – end momentsFor end moment loading C1 may be approximated by the equation below, though other approximations also exist. C1= 1. 88 – 1. 40y + 0. 52y2 but C1 ? 2. 70 where y is the ratio of the end moments (defined in the following table). Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 32 C1 factor – transverse loading Loading and support conditions Bending moment diagram Value of C1 1. 132 1. 285 1. 365 1. 565 1. 046 Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 33 Design procedure for LTB Design procedure for LTB: 1. Determine BMD and SFD from design loads 2. Select section and determine geometry 3. Classify cross-section (Class 1, 2, 3 or 4) 4.Determine effective (buckling) length Lcr – depends on bounda ry conditions and load level 5. Calculate Mcr and Wyfy Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 34 Design procedure for LTB 6. Non-dimensional slenderness ? LT ? Wy fy Mcr 7. Determine imperfection factor ? LT 8. Calculate buckling reduction factor ? LT 9. Design buckling resistance 10. Check Mb,Rd ? ?LT Wy fy ? M1 MEd ? 1. 0 Mb,Rd for each unrestrained portion Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 35 LTB Example General arrangement Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 36 LTB Example Design loading is as follows: 425. 1 kN A B C 319. 6 kN D 2. 5 m 3. 2 m 5. 1 mLoading Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 37 LTB Example 267. 1 kN A B D 52. 5 kN SF C 477. 6 kN Shear force diagram B A C D BM 1194 kNm 1362 kNm Bending moment diagram Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 38 LTB Example For the purposes of this example, lateral torsional buckling curves for the general case will be utilised. Lateral torsional buckling checks to be carried out on segments BC and CD. By inspection, segment AB is not critical. Try 762? 267? 173 UB in grade S 275 steel. Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 39 LTB Example b z tw h d y y r z tf h = 762. 2 mm b = 266. 7 mm tw = 14. 3 mm tf = 21. 6 mm r = 16. mm A = 22000 mm2 Wy,pl = 6198? 103 mm3 Iz = 68. 50? 106 mm4 It = 2670? 103 mm4 Iw = 9390? 109 mm6 Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 40 LTB Example For a nominal material thickness (tf = 21. 6 mm and tw = 14. 3 mm) of between 16 mm and 40 mm the nominal values of yield strength fy for grade S 275 steel (to EN 10025-2) is 265 N/mm2. From clause 3. 2. 6: N/mm2. E = 210000 N/mm2 and G ? 81000 Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 41 LTB Example Cross-section classification (clause 5. 5. 2): e ? 235 / fy ? 235 / 265 ? 0. 94 Outstand flanges (Table 5. 2, sheet 2) cf = (b – tw – 2r) / 2 = 109. 7 mm cf / tf = 109. 7 / 21. 6 = 5. 8 Limit for Class 1 flange = 9e = 8. 48 > 5. 08 ? Flange is Class 1 Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Bea m 42 LTB Example Web – internal part in bending (Table 5. 2, sheet 1) cw = h – 2tf – 2r = 686. 0 mm cw / tw= 686. 0 / 14. 3 = 48. 0 Limit for Class 1 web = 72 e = 67. 8 > 48. 0 ? Web is Class 1 Overall cross-section classification is therefore Class 1. Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 43 LTB Example Bending resistance of cross-section (clause 6. 2. 5): Mc ,y,Rd ? Wpl,y fy ? M0 for Class 1 and 2 sec tions 6198 ? 103 ? 265 ? ? 1642 ? 106 Nmm 1. 0 ? 1642 kNm ? 1362 kNm ? Cross-section resistance in bending is OK.Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 44 LTB Example Lateral torsional buckling check (clause 6. 3. 2. 2) – Segment BC: MEd ? 1362 kNm Mb ,Rd ? ? LT Wy fy ? M1 where Wy = Wpl,y for Class 1 and 2 sections Determine Mcr for segment BC (Lcr = 3200 mm) Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 ? EIz Mcr ? C1 2 Lcr 2 ? Iw Lcr GIT ? ? ? 2 ? ? EIz ? ? Iz Unrestrained Beam 2 0. 5 45 LTB Example For end moment loading C1 may be approximated from: C1 = 1. 88 â⠂¬â€œ 1. 40y + 0. 52y2 but C1 ? 2. 70 1194 y is the ratio of the end moments ? ? 0. 88 1362 ? C1 ? 1. 05 ? 2 ? 210000 ? 68. 5 ? 106 Mcr ? 1. 05 ? 32002 ? 9390 ? 109 32002 ? 81000 ? 2670 ? 103 ? ? ? 68. 5 ? 106 ? 2 ? 210000 ? 68. 5 ? 106 ? ? 0. 5 = 5699Ãâ€"106 Nmm = 5699 kNm Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 46 LTB Example Non-dimensional lateral torsional slenderness for segment BC: ? LT ? Wy fy Mcr 6198 ? 103 ? 265 ? ? 0. 54 6 5699 ? 10 Select buckling curve and imperfection factor ? LT: From Table 6. 4: h/b = 762. 2/266. 7 = 2. 85 For a rolled I-section with h/b > 2, use buckling curve b Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 47 LTB Example From Table 6. 3 of EN 1993-1-1: For buckling curve b, ? LT = 0. 34 Calculate reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling, ? LT – Segment BC: ?LT ? 1 ? LT ? ? 2 LT LT but ? LT ? 1. 0 where ? LT ? 0. 5 [ 1 ? ?LT (? LT ? 0. 2) ? ?2 ] LT Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 48 LTB Example ?LT = 0. 5[1+0. 34(0. 54-0. 2) + 0. 542] = 0. 70 ? ? LT ? 1 0. 70 ? 0. 70 ? 0. 54 2 2 ? 0. 87 Lateral torsional buckling resistance Mb,Rd – Segment BC : Mb,Rd ? ? LT Wy fy ? M1 265 ? 0. 87 ? 6198 ? 10 ? 1 . 0 3 ? 1425 ? 106 Nmm ? 1425 kNm Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 49 LTB Example MEd 1362 ? ? 0. 96 ? 1. 0 ? Segment BC is OK Mb,Rd 1425 Lateral torsional buckling check (clause 6. 3. 2. 2) – Segment CD: MEd ? 1362 kNm Mb ,Rd ? ? LT Wy fy ? M1 where Wy = Wpl,y for Class 1 and 2 sectionsDetermine Mcr for segment CD (Lcr = 5100 mm) Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 50 LTB Example ? EIz Mcr ? C1 2 Lcr 2 ? Iw Lcr GIT ? ? ? 2 ? Iz ? EIz ? ? 2 0. 5 Determine y from Table: 0 y is the ratio of the end moments ? ?0 1362 ? C1 ? 1. 88 ? 2 ? 210000 ? 68. 5 ? 106 Mcr ? 1. 88 51002 ? 9390 ? 109 51002 ? 81000 ? 2670 ? 103 ? ? ? ? 68. 5 ? 106 ? 2 ? 210000 ? 68. 5 ? 106 ? ? 0. 5 = 4311? 106 Nmm = 4311 kNm Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 51 LTB Example Non-dimensional lateral torsio nal slenderness for segment CD: ? LT ? Wy fy Mcr 6198 ? 103 ? 265 ? ? 0. 62 6 4311? 10 The buckling curve and imperfection factor ?LT are as for segment BC. Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 52 LTB Example Calculate reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling, ? LT – Segment CD: ?LT ? 1 ? LT ? ? 2 LT 2 LT but ? LT ? 1. 0 where ? LT ? 0. 5 [ 1 ? ?LT (? LT ? 0. 2) ? ?2 ] LT = 0. 5[1+0. 34(0. 62-0. 2) + 0. 622] = 0. 76 ? ? LT Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 ? 1 0. 76 ? 0. 76 ? 0. 62 2 Unrestrained Beam 2 ? 0. 83 53 LTB Example Lateral torsional buckling resistance Mb,Rd – Segment CD : Mb,Rd ? ?LT Wy fy ? M1 265 ? 0. 83 ? 6198 ? 10 ? 1. 0 3 ? 1360 ? 106 Nmm ? 1360 kNm MEd 1362 ? ? 1. 00 Mb,Rd 1360 Segment CD is critical and marginally fails LTB check.Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 54 Blank Page Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 55 Simplified assessment of ? LT For hot-rolled doubly symmetric I and H sections without destabilising loads,? may be conservatively simplified to: LT ? LT ? 1 0. 9 ? z ? C1 ?z 1 0. 9 ? 1 C1 E ? z ? L / iz ; ? 1 ? ? fy As a further simplification, C1 may also be conservatively taken = 1. 0. Simplified assessment of ? LT Substituting in numerical values for simplified expressions result. ? 1 , the following S235 ? LT ? 1 L / iz C1 104 S275 ? LT ? 1 L / iz C1 96 S355 ? LT ? 1 L / iz C1 85 C1 may be conservatively taken = 1. , though the level of conservatism increases the more the actual bending moment diagram differs from uniform moment. Simplified method (Cl. 6. 3. 2. 4) Simplified method for beams with restraints in buildings (Clause 6. 3. 2. 4) This method treats the compression flange of the beam and part of the web as a strut: b b Compression h Tension Compression flange + 1/3 of the compressed area of web Strut Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Beam Unrestrained Beam 58 General method (Cl. 6. 3. 4) General method for lateral and lateral torsional buckling of structural components †¢ May be applied to single members, plane frames etc. Requires determination of plastic and elastic (buckling) resistance of structure, which subsequently defines global slenderness †¢ Generally requires FE Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 59 Blank Page Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 60 Important Notes: (End Connections) When full torsional restraint exist: -both the compression and tension flanges are fully restrained against rotation on plan -both flanges are partially restrained against rotation on plan – both flanges are free to rotate on plan Unrestrained Beam 61 Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Connection DetailDr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 62 Important Notes: (End Connections) Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 63 Important Notes: (End Connections) When both flanges are free to rotate on plan and the compression flange is unrestrained: i. torsional restraint is provided solely by connection of the tension flange to the supports, ii. torsional re straint is provided solely by dead bearing of the tension flange on support. Unrestrained Beam 64 Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 65 Dr. A Aziz Saim 2010 EC3 Unrestrained Beam 66

Understanding Dinosaur Combat

In Hollywood movies, dinosaur fights have clear winners and losers, carefully demarcated arenas (say, an open patch of scrubland or the cafeteria in Jurassic Park), and usually a bunch of scared-out-of-their-wits human spectators. In real life, though, dinosaur fights were more like confused, chaotic bar brawls than Ultimate Fighting matches, and rather than persisting for multiple rounds, they were usually over in the blink of a Jurassic eye. (See a list of the Deadliest Dinosaurs, as well as Prehistoric Battles featuring your favorite dinosaurs, reptiles, and mammals.) Its important at the outset to distinguish between the two main types of dinosaur combat. Predator/prey encounters (for example, between a hungry Tyrannosaurus Rex and alone, juvenile Triceratops) were quick and brutal, with no rules except kill or be killed. But intra-species clashes (say, two male Pachycephalosaurus head-butting each other for the right to mate with available females) had a more ritualistic aspect, and rarely resulted in a combatants death (though one presumes serious injuries were common). Of course, in order to fight successfully, you need to be equipped with suitable weapons. Dinosaurs didnt have access to firearms (or even blunt instruments), but they were endowed with naturally evolved adaptations that helped them either to hunt down their lunch, avoid being lunch or propagate the species in order to restock the global lunch menu. Offensive weapons (like sharp teeth and long claws) were almost exclusively the province of meat-eating dinosaurs, which preyed on one another or on gentler herbivores, while defensive weapons (like armor plating and tail clubs) were evolved by plant-eaters in order to fend off attacks by predators. A third type of weapon consisted of sexually selected adaptations (such as sharp horns and thickened skulls), wielded by the males of some dinosaur species in order to dominate the herd or compete for the attention of females. Offensive Dinosaur Weapons Teeth. Meat-eating dinosaurs like T. Rex and Allosaurus didnt evolve big, sharp teeth merely to eat their prey; like modern cheetahs and great white sharks, they used these choppers to deliver quick, powerful, and (if they were delivered in the right place at the right time) fatal bites. Well never know for sure, but reasoning by analogy with modern carnivores, it seems likely that these theropods aimed for their victims necks and bellies, where a strong bite would cause the most damage. Claws. Some carnivorous dinosaurs (like Baryonyx) were equipped with large, powerful claws on their front hands, which they used to slash at prey, while others (like Deinonychus and its fellow raptors) had single, oversized, curved claws on their hind feet. Its unlikely that a dinosaur could have killed prey with its claws alone; these weapons were probably also used to grapple with opponents and keep them in a death grip. (Bear in mind, however, that huge claws dont necessarily connote a carnivorous diet; the big-clawed Deinocheirus, for example, was a confirmed vegetarian.) Eyesight and smell. The most advanced predators of the Mesozoic Era (like the human-sized Troodon) were equipped with large eyes and relatively advanced binocular vision, which made it easier for them to zero in on prey, especially when hunting by night. Some carnivores also possessed an advanced sense of smell, which enabled them to scent prey from far off (though its also possible that this adaptation was used to home in on already-dead, rotting carcasses). Momentum. Tyrannosaurs were built like battering rams, with enormous heads, thick bodies, and powerful hind legs. Short of delivering a fatal bite, an attacking Daspletosaurus could knock its victim silly, provided it had the element of surprise on its side and a sufficient head of steam. Once the unlucky Stegosaurus was lying on its side, stunned and confused, the hungry theropod could move in for the quick kill. Speed. Speed was an adaptation shared equally by predators and prey, a good example of an evolutionary arms race. Since they were smaller and more lightly built than tyrannosaurs, raptors and dino-birds were especially quick, which created an evolutionary incentive for the plant-eating ornithopods they hunted to run faster as well. As a rule, carnivorous dinosaurs were capable of short bursts of high speed, while herbivorous dinosaurs could sustain a slightly less brisk pace for a longer period of time. Bad breath. This may sound like a joke, but paleontologists believe that the teeth of some tyrannosaurs were shaped so as to purposely accumulate shreds of dead tissue. As these shreds rotted, they bred dangerous bacteria, meaning any non-fatal bites inflicted on other dinosaurs would result in infected, gangrenous wounds. The unlucky plant-eater would drop dead in a few days, at which point the responsible Carnotaurus (or any other predator in the immediate vicinity) chowed down on its carcass. Defensive Dinosaur Weapons Tails. The long, flexible tails of sauropods and titanosaurs had more than one function: they helped to counterbalance these dinosaurs equally long necks, and their ample surface area may have helped dissipate excess heat. However, its also believed that some of these behemoths could lash their tails like whips, delivering stunning blows to approaching predators. The use of tails for defensive purposes reached its apex with the ankylosaurs, or armored dinosaurs, which evolved heavy, macelike growths at the ends of their tails that could crush the skulls of unwary raptors. Armor. Until the knights of medieval Europe learned to forge metallic armor, no creatures on earth were more impervious to attack than Ankylosaurus and Euoplocephalus (the latter even had armored eyelids). When attacked, these ankylosaurs would plop down onto the ground, and the only way they could be killed was if a predator managed to flip them onto their backs and dig into their soft underbellies. By the time the dinosaurs went extinct, even titanosaurs had evolved a light armored coating, which may have helped fend off pack attacks by packs of smaller raptors. Sheer bulk. One of the reasons sauropods and hadrosaurs attained such enormous sizes is that full-grown adults would have been virtually immune to predation: not even a pack of adult Alioramus could hope to take down a 20-ton Shantungosaurus. The downside to this, of course, was that predators shifted their attention to easier-to-pick-off babies and juveniles, meaning that out of a clutch of 20 or 30 eggs laid by a female Diplodocus, only one or two might manage to reach adulthood. Camouflage. The one feature of dinosaurs that rarely (if ever) fossilizes is their skin color--so well never know if Protoceratops sported zebra-like stripes, or if Maiasauras mottled skin made it difficult to see in dense underbrush. However, reasoning by analogy with modern prey animals, it would be very surprising indeed if hadrosaurs and ceratopsians didnt sport some kind of camouflage to cloak them from the attention of predators Speed. As mentioned above, evolution is an equal-opportunity employer: as the predatory dinosaurs of the Mesozoic Era become faster, so do their prey, and vice-versa. While a 50-ton sauropod couldnt have run very fast, the average hadrosaur could rear up onto its hind legs and beat the bipedal retreat in response to danger, and some smaller plant-eating dinosaurs may have been capable of sprinting at 30 or 40 (or possibly 50) miles per hour while being chased. Hearing. As a general rule, predators are endowed with superior sight and smell, while prey animals possess acute hearing (so they can run away if they hear a threatening rustle in the distance). Based on an analysis of their crested skulls, it seems likely that some duck-billed dinosaurs (like Parasaurolophus and Charonosaurus) could bellow to each other over long distances, so an individual hearing the footsteps of an approaching tyrannosaur would be able to warn the herd. Intra-Species Dinosaur Weapons Horns. The fearsome-looking horns of Triceratops may only have been secondarily intended to warn away a hungry T. Rex. The position and orientation of ceratopsian horns lead paleontologists to conclude that their main purpose was in dueling with other males for dominance in the herd or breeding rights. Of course, unlucky males might be wounded, or even killed, in this process--researchers have unearthed numerous dinosaur bones bearing the marks of intra-species combat. Frills. The giant head ornaments of ceratopsian dinosaurs served two purposes. First, oversized frills made these plant-eaters look bigger in the eyes of hungry carnivores, which might opt to concentrate on smaller fare instead. And second, if these frills were brightly colored, they could have been used to signal the desire to fight during mating season. (Frills may also have had yet another purpose, as their large surface areas helped to dissipate and absorb heat.) Crests. Not quite a weapon in the classic sense, crests were protrusions of bone most often found on duck-billed dinosaurs. These backward-pointing growths would have been useless in a fight, but they may well have been employed to attract females (theres evidence that the crests of some Parasaurolophus males were larger than those of the females). As mentioned above, its also likely that some duck-billed dinosaurs funneled air through these crests as a way of signaling to others of their kind. Skulls. This peculiar weapon was unique to the family of dinosaurs known as pachycephalosaurs (thick-headed lizards). Pachycephalosaurs like Stegoceras and Sphaerotholus sported up to a foot of bone on the tops of their skulls, which they presumably used to head-butt one another for dominance in the herd and the right to mate. Theres some speculation that pachycephalosaurs may also have butted the flanks of approaching predators with their thickened domes.